Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n: T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n<\/title>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"bd-post\">\n <style>\n @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Manrope:wght@400;600;700&family=Roboto:wght@600;700&display=swap');\n\n .bd-post {\n --prose-width: 720px;\n --gap-attach: 16px;\n --gap-normal: 32px;\n --gap-section: 48px;\n --pad-compact: 16px;\n --pad-standard: 24px;\n --body-bg: #FFFFFF;\n --text-primary: #333333;\n --text-secondary: #6E6E6E;\n --heading-ink: #000000;\n --accent: #479DE2;\n --accent-hot: #FD9649;\n --accent-text: #1A6DB5;\n --inverse-bg: #1E1E1E;\n --inverse-text: #FFFFFF;\n --inverse-text-secondary: #AAAAAA;\n --card-fill: #F5F9FC;\n --card-border: #E0E0E0;\n --panel-fill: #FAFAFA;\n --table-border: #D3D3D3;\n --btn-white: #FFFFFF;\n --btn-ink: #0D3972;\n font-family: \"Manrope\", sans-serif;\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 400;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: var(--text-primary);\n background: var(--body-bg);\n padding: 40px;\n max-width: 100%;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n .bd-post a { overflow-wrap: anywhere; word-break: break-word; }\n .bd-post p a, .bd-post li a, .bd-post blockquote a, .bd-post td a { color: var(--accent-text); text-decoration: underline; }\n .bd-post p a:hover, .bd-post li a:hover, .bd-post blockquote a:hover, .bd-post td a:hover { color: var(--accent-hot); }\n .bd-post p, .bd-post li { overflow-wrap: break-word; }\n .bd-post .bd-post-article { max-width: var(--prose-width); margin: 0 auto; }\n\n .bd-post h1 { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 34px; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--heading-ink); margin: 0 0 16px; }\n .bd-post h2 { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 34px; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--heading-ink); margin: 48px 0 16px; }\n .bd-post h3 { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.25; color: var(--heading-ink); margin: 32px 0 12px; }\n .bd-post h4 { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--heading-ink); margin: 24px 0 8px; }\n .bd-post p { margin: 0 0 1em; }\n .bd-post ul, .bd-post ol { margin: 0 0 1em; padding-left: 1.5em; }\n .bd-post ul { list-style-type: disc; }\n .bd-post ol { list-style-type: decimal; }\n .bd-post li { margin-bottom: 0.5em; }\n .bd-post strong { font-weight: 700; }\n\n .bd-post blockquote { border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); padding: 12px 20px; margin: 24px 0; font-size: 15px; color: var(--text-secondary); font-style: italic; }\n .bd-post code { background: var(--panel-fill); font-family: SF Mono, Menlo, monospace; font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 4px; }\n .bd-post pre { background: var(--panel-fill); padding: 16px; border-radius: 4px; overflow-x: auto; }\n .bd-post pre code { background: none; padding: 0; }\n\n .bd-post .table-wrapper { overflow-x: auto; margin: 24px 0; }\n .bd-post table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; }\n .bd-post th { background: var(--body-bg); color: var(--accent-text); font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--accent); text-align: left; }\n .bd-post td { padding: 10px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--table-border); color: var(--text-primary); }\n .bd-post tr:hover td { background: var(--card-fill); }\n\n .bd-post hr { border: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--table-border); margin: 32px 0; }\n\n .bd-post img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }\n\n .bd-post [class*=\"bp-\"] { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n \/* BP-1: tip-passive (low weight, after H2#4 Inductor) *\/\n .bd-post .bd-post-article > .bp-tip-passive { margin: var(--gap-attach) 0 var(--gap-normal); }\n\n \/* BP-2: decode-flow (medium weight) *\/\n .bd-post .bd-post-article > .bp-decode-flow { margin: var(--gap-section) 0; }\n\n \/* BP-3: cert-map (medium weight) *\/\n .bd-post .bd-post-article > .bp-cert-map { margin: var(--gap-normal) 0; }\n\n \/* BP-4: cta-mid (high weight) *\/\n .bd-post .bd-post-article > .bp-cta-mid { margin: var(--gap-section) 0; }\n\n \/* BP-5: cta-end (high weight) *\/\n .bd-post .bd-post-article > .bp-cta-end { margin: var(--gap-section) 0 0; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive { display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 12px; background: var(--card-fill); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); border-left: 3px solid var(--accent); padding: var(--pad-compact); border-radius: 6px; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive-icon { flex-shrink: 0; width: 20px; height: 20px; color: var(--accent); margin-top: 1px; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive-body { flex: 1; min-width: 0; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive-label { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: var(--accent-text); margin-bottom: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; font-size: 14px; color: var(--text-primary); }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive-item { line-height: 1.5; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive-item strong { color: var(--heading-ink); }\n\n \/* BP-2: decode-flow (medium weight, H2#7 before Step 1) *\/\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: flex-start; gap: 0; background: var(--card-fill); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); padding: var(--pad-standard); border-radius: 8px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-step { flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; text-align: center; gap: 8px; min-width: 0; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-num { width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--accent); color: var(--btn-white); font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 20px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex-shrink: 0; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-title { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px; color: var(--heading-ink); }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-desc { font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary); line-height: 1.5; max-width: 160px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-connector { flex: 0 0 auto; height: 40px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: var(--accent); padding: 0 4px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-connector svg { width: 24px; height: 24px; }\n\n \/* BP-3: cert-map (medium weight, H2#7 Step 2) *\/\n .bd-post .bp-cert-map { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 16px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-card { display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 12px; align-items: flex-start; background: var(--card-fill); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); border-radius: 8px; padding: var(--pad-compact); }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-badge { flex-shrink: 0; width: 24px; height: 24px; color: var(--accent); }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-info { flex: 1; min-width: 0; }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-name { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; color: var(--heading-ink); margin-bottom: 2px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-region { font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary); line-height: 1.4; }\n\n \/* BP-4: cta-mid (high weight, after H2#5) *\/\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: 16px; background: var(--card-fill); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); padding: var(--pad-standard); border-radius: 8px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-text { font-size: 15px; color: var(--text-primary); line-height: 1.5; max-width: 520px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-btn { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 12px 24px; border-radius: 6px; font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; border: 2px solid var(--btn-white); cursor: pointer; background: var(--accent-text); color: var(--btn-white); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-btn:hover { background: var(--btn-ink); color: var(--btn-white); }\n\n \/* BP-5: cta-end (high weight, after H2#7) *\/\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; text-align: center; gap: 20px; background: var(--inverse-bg); padding: var(--pad-standard); border-radius: 8px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-icon { width: 32px; height: 32px; color: var(--accent-hot); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-title { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--inverse-text); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-subtitle { font-size: 16px; color: var(--inverse-text-secondary); line-height: 1.5; max-width: 480px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 14px 32px; border-radius: 6px; font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; border: none; cursor: pointer; background: var(--accent-hot); color: var(--btn-ink); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn:hover { background: var(--btn-white); color: var(--btn-ink); }\n\n \/* Symbol visual reference grid *\/\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 12px; margin: var(--gap-normal) 0; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-card { background: var(--card-fill); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); border-radius: 6px; padding: 10px 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 4px; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-drawing { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 2px; color: var(--accent); }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-drawing svg { width: 64px; height: 32px; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-std { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-secondary); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.3px; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-label { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--heading-ink); text-align: center; line-height: 1.3; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-label em { font-style: normal; color: var(--accent-text); font-size: 12px; }\n\n \/* References section *\/\n .bd-post .bd-references { margin-top: var(--gap-section); padding-top: 24px; border-top: 1px solid var(--table-border); }\n .bd-post .bd-references-title { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--heading-ink); margin: 0 0 12px; }\n .bd-post .bd-references ol { font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary); }\n .bd-post .bd-references li a { color: var(--accent-text); }\n\n \/* Interaction & Motion *\/\n @media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {\n @supports (animation-timeline: view()) {\n .bd-post .bd-reveal { animation: bd-fade-in linear both; animation-timeline: view(); animation-range: entry 0% entry 35%; }\n @keyframes bd-fade-in { from { opacity: 0; } to { opacity: 1; } }\n }\n .bd-post h2 { transition: color .2s ease-out, transform .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post h2:hover { color: var(--accent-text); transform: scale(1.02); }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow { transition: transform .25s ease-out, box-shadow .25s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow:hover .bp-decode-flow-num { color: var(--accent-hot); }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-card { transition: transform .2s ease-out, box-shadow .2s ease-out, border-color .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-card:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); border-color: var(--accent); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-btn { transition: background .2s ease-out, color .2s ease-out, transform .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-btn:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn { transition: background .2s ease-out, color .2s ease-out, transform .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); }\n .bd-post .bd-post-article a { transition: color .2s ease-out, text-decoration-color .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post tr { transition: background .15s ease-out; }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 767px) {\n .bd-post { padding: 16px; }\n .bd-post h1 { font-size: 26px; }\n .bd-post h2 { font-size: 26px; margin-top: 32px; }\n .bd-post h3 { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 24px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow { flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 12px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-connector svg { transform: rotate(90deg); }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-map { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-title { font-size: 24px; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive { flex-direction: column; }\n }\n <\/style>\n <article class=\"bd-post-article\">\n <h1><\/h1>\n\n <h2>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/h2>\n\n <p>H\u00e3y m\u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u2014 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 3D. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean trang gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n <p>Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u2014 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t \u0111i-\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ed9t thanh ngang. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n <p>L\u00fd do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf Stuttgart c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u1edf Jakarta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean mua s\u1eafm \u1edf Dubai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u2014 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o: <strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong> (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 <strong>IEEE 315 \/ ANSI Y32.2<\/strong> (ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9).<\/p>\n\n <p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng khi mua linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p sao cho nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa \u201cT\u00f4i bi\u1ebft k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cT\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fang linh ki\u1ec7n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh: 20 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n <p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham kh\u1ea3o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft\u201d khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a quen thu\u1ed9c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tham chi\u1ebfu \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper bd-reveal\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th><th>Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/th><th>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/th><th>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/th><th>M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh ch\u00ednh<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>R<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag<\/td><td>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa IEC v\u00e0 ANSI<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n (kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c)<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>G\u1ed1m\/m\u00e0ng \u2014 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1eb3ng + m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cong (\u2212)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u1eb7t cong = c\u1ef1c \u00e2m<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m (l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed)<\/td><td>L<\/td><td>Thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1eb9p<\/td><td>D\u00e3y cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp<\/td><td>Loops \u2260 zigzag<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p (l\u00f5i s\u1eaft)<\/td><td>T<\/td><td>Hai h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i + c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f5i<\/td><td>Hai b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i + c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y ch\u00ednh<\/td><td>L\u00f5i = hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ed1t (ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u)<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o thanh<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c = h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ed1t Zener<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>\u0110i-\u1ed1t + c\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean thanh cat\u1ed1t<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>LED<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ed1t + hai m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u0169i t\u00ean = ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn NPN<\/td><td>Q<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n + thanh n\u1ec1n + m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u00e1t ra h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra xa \u0111\u1ebf<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn PNP<\/td><td>Q<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n + thanh n\u1ec1n + m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u00e1t ra h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ebf<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>MOSFET (lo\u1ea1i N-ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng)<\/td><td>Q<\/td><td>C\u1ed5ng c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi k\u00eanh + \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00e9t + \u0111i\u1ed1t th\u00e2n<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Pin \/ Ngu\u1ed3n DC<\/td><td>BT<\/td><td>C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i (+) + \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn (\u2212)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i = c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ngu\u1ed3n AC<\/td><td>G<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng sin (~)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110\u00e8n b\u00e1o ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1edbi<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\u0110\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n\/b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec<\/td><td>F<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u00e2y \u0111i qua gi\u1eefa<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c\/h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea3y ra khi qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch<\/td><td>QF<\/td><td>Ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc g\u00f3c + k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e9o<\/td><td>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia l\u1eeda<\/td><td>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ANSI s\u1ed1 52 cho c\u1ea7u dao AC<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>R\u01a1le (cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y + ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m SPST)<\/td><td>K<\/td><td>Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt + \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/td><td>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/td><td>Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2192 ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPST (NO)<\/td><td>S<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec3m ng\u1eaft g\u00f3c trong m\u1ea1ch (kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch = m\u1edf khi ngh\u1ec9)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc b\u1eadt\/t\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPDT<\/td><td>S<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y gi\u1eefa hai ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td><td>U<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (+\/\u2212), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai sau \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>M\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu (Ref) tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc IEEE 200-1975 \/ ASME Y14.44 \u2014 so kh\u1edbp m\u00e3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong b\u1ea3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-grid bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"10\" width=\"36\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"18,20 23,8 28,32 33,8 38,32 43,8 48,32 53,8 58,20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf <em>R<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"25\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"32\"\/><line x1=\"55\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"55\" y2=\"32\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n <em>C<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"25\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"32\"\/><path d=\"M55 8 Q65 20 55 32\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"10\" font-family=\"sans-serif\">\u2212<\/text><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n <em>C<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"12\" width=\"36\" height=\"16\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"currentColor\" fill-opacity=\"0.3\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"20\"\/><path d=\"M18 20 Q20 16 22 20 Q24 24 26 20 Q28 16 30 20 Q32 24 34 20 Q36 16 38 20 Q40 24 42 20 Q44 16 46 20 Q48 24 50 20 Q52 16 54 20 Q56 24 58 20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m <em>L<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"18\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"34\"\/><rect x=\"44\" y=\"10\" width=\"18\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"34\"\/><line x1=\"62\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"14\" y2=\"20\"\/><path d=\"M14 20 Q16 16 18 20 Q20 24 22 20 Q24 16 26 20\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"34\"\/><path d=\"M34 20 Q36 16 38 20 Q40 24 42 20 Q44 16 46 20\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"34\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i <em>T<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"20\"\/><polygon points=\"25,8 50,20 25,32\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110i\u1ed1t <em>D<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><polygon points=\"22,8 47,20 22,32\"\/><line x1=\"47\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"47\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"51\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"14\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110i\u1ed1t Zener <em>D<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><polygon points=\"22,8 47,20 22,32\"\/><line x1=\"47\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"5\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"40,5 48,12\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"35\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"28\"\/><polyline points=\"40,35 48,28\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">LED <em>D<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"20\" r=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"52,14 55,20 52,26\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn NPN <em>Q<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"20\" r=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"58,14 55,20 58,26\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn PNP <em>Q<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"32\"\/><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"20\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"32\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"54,26 62,20 54,14\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">MOSFET k\u00eanh N <em>Q<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"38\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"38\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"68\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Pin <em>BT<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"20\" r=\"12\"\/><path d=\"M33 14 Q40 8 47 14 Q40 10 33 14\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><path d=\"M33 26 Q40 32 47 26 Q40 30 33 26\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Ngu\u1ed3n AC <em>G<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"12\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"20\" y1=\"22\" x2=\"60\" y2=\"22\"\/><line x1=\"36\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"30\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"35\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"35\" y=\"13\" width=\"18\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"53\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" rx=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M42 20 Q46 16 50 20 Q54 24 58 20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec <em>F<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"28\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"38\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"55\" y2=\"26\"\/><circle cx=\"55\" cy=\"26\" r=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"55\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"55\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"14\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M42 14 Q46 10 50 14\"\/><line x1=\"55\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">B\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch <em>QF<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"38\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"20\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">R\u01a1le <em>K<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPST (NO) <em>S<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPDT <em>S<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polygon points=\"40,6 55,20 40,34 25,20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">M\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng <em>U<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>M\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu (Ref) tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc IEEE 200-1975 \/ ASME Y14.44 \u2014 so kh\u1edbp m\u00e3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong b\u1ea3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n <h2>IEC v\u00e0 ANSI: Hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00ean bi\u1ebft<\/h2>\n\n <p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xem hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd kia, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI.<\/p>\n\n <p>C\u00e1i <strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong> Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, do \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IEC) qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng 1.900 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (CIS), \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u IEC th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u00e8m nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n <p>C\u00e1i <strong>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/strong> Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean ANSI Y32.2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169 do M\u1ef9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01a1n \u2014 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng cong \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <strong>JIS<\/strong> ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a IEC. M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi h\u01a1n, <strong>IPC-2612-1<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u1ea3 hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u0169.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th><th>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/th><th>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/th><th>C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag<\/td><td>IEC: Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\/Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\/Trung \u0110\u00f4ng\/CIS; ANSI: B\u1eafc M\u1ef9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh (l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed)<\/td><td>Thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1eb9p<\/td><td>Chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y\/g\u00f2 u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/td><td>C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia theo khu v\u1ef1c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1eb3ng + m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cong<\/td><td>C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5m cong = \u00e2m<\/td><td>S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t chung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u1ed5ng AND<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi \u201c&\u201d<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef D v\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tr\u00e1i ph\u1eb3ng<\/td><td>IEC: hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\/to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u; ANSI: c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111i qua t\u00e2m<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c\/h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S<\/td><td>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01a1n<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch<\/td><td>Ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc g\u00f3c c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ch\u00e9o<\/td><td>H\u1ed9p vu\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong d\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh cung<\/td><td>ANSI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb 52 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch AC<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a IEC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI \u2014 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Khi t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n <h2>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n <p>M\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 may m\u1eafn thay, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn (c\u1ef1c \u00e2m) \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i pin. Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201c+\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u2212\u201d. Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111i k\u00e8m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh mua s\u1eafm.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u.<\/strong> Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng sin (~). K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u1ea1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ch. Trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 danh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2014 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201c380V 50Hz\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ba pha ho\u1eb7c \u201c220V 50Hz\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t pha ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00f3 ba bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n <ul>\n <li><strong>\u0110\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong> (\u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7): ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ecdc n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t khung g\u1ea7m<\/strong>: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c t\u00f4 b\u00f3ng, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecf kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng che ch\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng an to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tham chi\u1ebfu<\/strong> (chung cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1): m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu 0V cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia mua s\u1eafm, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n mua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau \u2014 110V\/60Hz cho B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 so v\u1edbi 220V\/50Hz cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2014 th\u00ec bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n AC b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c minh d\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n <h2>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m<\/h2>\n\n <p>C\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i hay chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u2014 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u1ecdc t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 60\u201370% trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y quan s\u00e1t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng), sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung (m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean xuy\u00ean qua bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh; m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cong bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh; k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201ct\u00b0\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec7n dung, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 R12 ho\u1eb7c C5).<\/strong> Quy tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e9t ba b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u2014 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u2192 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u2192 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u2014 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u2014 Lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, chia \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2014 v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa IEC v\u00e0 ANSI.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong> Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60617, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI\/IEEE 315, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd theo t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c \u2014 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang xem b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mua s\u1eafm, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Bi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft \u00e1p.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u00e9o \u0111i qua k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. N\u1ebfu m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebft \u00e1p \u2014 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chia \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ba c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, n\u00fam \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f9y theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u00b0\u201d b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u2014 h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201c+t\u00b0\u201d (PTC, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u0103ng theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng) v\u00e0 \u201c\u2212t\u00b0\u201d (NTC, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf gi\u1ea3m theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng). \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf quang ho\u1eb7c LDR (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng) c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Varistor (MOV, varistor oxit kim lo\u1ea1i) c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u201cU\u201d, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o AC c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm.<\/strong> Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm mua linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111i k\u00e8m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 mua h\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (\u03a9, k\u03a9 ho\u1eb7c M\u03a9), c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (W), dung sai (\u00b1%) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecf (lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c xuy\u00ean l\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc SMD nh\u01b0 0805, 0603, 0402). M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 \u201cR12 10k\u03a9 1\/4W \u00b11% 0805\u201d tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u2014 mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb BOM.<\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 T\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, t\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/h3>\n\n <p>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u2014 hai t\u1ea5m song song \u2014 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft tinh t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t linh ki\u1ec7n theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o hay ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00fang c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c.<\/strong> Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m, t\u1ee5 m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf. C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c (t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n).<\/strong> Khi m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c: ph\u00eda cong l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ef1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng t\u1ee5 \u2014 \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201c+\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 tantali (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao h\u01a1n), k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u201c+\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng thay v\u00ec d\u1ea5u \u201c\u2212\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u2014 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i qua hai t\u1ea5m song song bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m. Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u2014 m\u00e1y thu radio, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u2014 v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm.<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0: \u0111i\u1ec7n dung (\u00b5F ho\u1eb7c F), \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (V DC), d\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng \u2014 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n) v\u00e0 ESR (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp) cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m, c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i (X7R, NP0\/C0G, Y5V). C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ch ngay c\u1ea3 khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n dung tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n <h3>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p<\/h3>\n\n <p>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng d\u00e2y \u2014 ho\u1eb7c theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a IEC, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan ch\u00ednh gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00f5i.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/strong> Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60617, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t thanh r\u1eafn. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t u\u1ed1n cong ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u201cg\u1edd\u201d. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cl\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00f5i t\u1eeb \u2014 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch RF, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 l\u00f5i ferit ho\u1eb7c l\u00f5i s\u1eaft s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n hao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p l\u00f5i s\u1eaft.<\/strong> Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u1ecdc theo ho\u1eb7c xuy\u00ean qua k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m\/cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb l\u00f5i t\u1eeb \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1eaft l\u00e1 cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c ferit cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n. Khi hai cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng hai k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f5i n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau), \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p. Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 v\u00f2ng qu\u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o) l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p; cu\u1ed9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n <p>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT)<\/strong>. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p ngu\u1ed3n. M\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT) c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ea1 \u00e1p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c r\u01a1le \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 \u00e1p \u2014 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, t\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eaft, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e8m ch\u00fa th\u00edch t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u201c100\/5A\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT).<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm.<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m (\u00b5H, mH), d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (A), \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf DC ho\u1eb7c DCR (\u03a9), v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng che ch\u1eafn (c\u00f3 che ch\u1eafn so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng che ch\u1eafn \u2014 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n EMI). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (VA) v\u00e0 d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng: m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (50\/60 Hz, l\u00f5i s\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp) v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao (b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch, l\u00f5i ferrite) c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t mua lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong khi c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i kia, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-icon\">\n <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"16\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"12\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"12.01\" y2=\"8\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-body\">\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-label\">\u0110ang c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mua c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng? H\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-list\">\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-item\"><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (\u03a9), c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (W), dung sai (\u00b1%), ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i (0805\/0603\/tr\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc)<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-item\"><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n dung (\u00b5F), \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (V), d\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, ESR (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi SMPS), lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-item\"><strong>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m\/Bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m (\u00b5H\/mH) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t VA \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (A), \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf DC (DCR), l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn, d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h2>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, r\u01a1le v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/h2>\n\n <p>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc g\u1ea1t) v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, r\u01a1le v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao) tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch.<\/strong> M\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eaft ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. SPST (M\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed) l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u2014 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch, b\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c t\u1eaft. SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u1ea3 thi \u2014 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) l\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPDT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y v\u00e0 d\u00e2y trung t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch AC \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc n\u00fat nh\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ed3i v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 xo: c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf (NO) s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng (NC) s\u1ebd m\u1edf khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n. Tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa NO v\u00e0 NC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m khi \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngh\u1ec9 \u2014 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 NO (m\u1ea1ch m\u1edf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n), ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1m nhau ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 NC (m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n).<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea. <strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/strong> ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2014 khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 IEC, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. <strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc vi m\u00f4<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn \u2014 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u1eeda l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y CNC. <strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch<\/strong> (c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n dung, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u IEC ri\u00eang, th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m h\u00ecnh thoi ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n <p>\u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb: bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc cho bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch (SPDT, NO, NC) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m (NO\/NC\/chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i), lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u1ea7n g\u1ea1t con l\u0103n, p\u00edt-t\u00f4ng, thanh \u0111\u1ea9y), v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 IP (IP65 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, IP67 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 \u0111i d\u00e2y. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu \u2014 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IP \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>R\u01a1le v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1.<\/strong> Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u01a1le bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh cong) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m SPST\/SPDT v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00e9t n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y). Khi cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. R\u01a1le x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf); c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i r\u01a1le c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gia nhi\u1ec7t (d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn). C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n c\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/strong> C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y qua gi\u1eefa) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch (bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc k\u00e8m c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eaft d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ANSI, b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u2014 \u201c52\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch ngu\u1ed3n AC. R\u01a1le qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng hai v\u00f2m nhi\u1ec7t n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC) b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1 trong m\u1ea1ch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-cta-mid bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-cta-mid-text\">B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, r\u01a1le ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau? H\u00e3y g\u1eedi danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (BOM) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 30 danh m\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/div>\n <a class=\"bp-cta-mid-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/contact\/\" target=\"_self\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 linh ki\u1ec7n <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"5\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"19\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"12 5 19 12 12 19\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <h2>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n <p>Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u2014 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng sang c\u1ef1c \u00e2m), c\u00f2n c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung xung quanh h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 chung cho c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn: h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn (t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i P sang lo\u1ea1i N). M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n bao quanh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed7i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung \u2014 m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong, m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i, thanh cat\u1ed1t u\u1ed1n cong, c\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf \u2014 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111i-\u1ed1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i-\u1ed1t \u2014 \u0110i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u, \u0111i-\u1ed1t Zener, \u0111\u00e8n LED v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0110i-\u1ed1t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn: d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y t\u1ef1 do theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t thanh ph\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea1y (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2192 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m).<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i\u1ed1t Zener.<\/strong> Thanh c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3c u\u1ed1n cong nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u00e1nh\u201d \u2014 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i-\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, duy tr\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i-\u1ed1t Zener l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 \u00e1p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh mua s\u1eafm l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p Zener (Vz), c\u00f3 d\u1ea3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 2,4 V \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 200 V.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i-\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t quang (LED).<\/strong> Hai m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i-\u1ed1t cho bi\u1ebft \u0111i-\u1ed1t n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c thu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n LED kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n LED tr\u1eafng), g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn (t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9), c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 quang (mcd) v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i-\u1ed1t quang.<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i-\u1ed1t, cho th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn quang h\u1ecdc, r\u00e8m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 thu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ee3i quang \u2014 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ea7u.<\/strong> B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo h\u00ecnh thoi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u to\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u2014 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u (AC) sang d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o AC n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra DC (+ v\u00e0 \u2212) n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai g\u00f3c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i \u0111a (Vrrm) v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn trung b\u00ecnh (If). M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ra t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n <p>M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd khi mua h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i-\u1ed1t c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110i-\u1ed1t Schottky (chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch nhanh, s\u1ee5t \u00e1p thu\u1eadn th\u1ea5p) c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u silicon ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i kia trong m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c. B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c ghi r\u00f5 \u201cSchottky\u201d n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu chi ti\u1ebft, th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u2014 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch mua s\u1eafm ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 MOSFET \u2014 Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n\n <p>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 MOSFET l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong m\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u0111i-\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c van m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c van t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7: m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c (BJT).<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn NPN v\u00e0 PNP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t: h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi NPN, m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda <strong>b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/strong> (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi nh\u1edb: NPN = m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra xa c\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PNP, m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng <strong>v\u00e0o trong<\/strong> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf. H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ra chi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khi mua s\u1eafm c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng song song (BJT): \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa c\u1ef1c thu v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t (Vceo), d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c thu t\u1ed1i \u0111a (Ic), h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (hFE) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxit kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/strong> B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kim lo\u1ea1i-\u00f4xit-b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (MOSFET) \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u1ecb c\u1ef1c (BJT) trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ba c\u1ef1c \u2014 C\u1ed5ng (Gate), C\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t (Drain) v\u00e0 C\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n (Source) \u2014 trong \u0111\u00f3 C\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi k\u00eanh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khe h\u1edf (bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ed5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n). M\u1ed9t \u0111i-\u1ed1t th\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Source v\u00e0 Drain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac MOSFET v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c MOSFET ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng (Enhancement-mode MOSFETs) (lo\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00eanh \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n; c\u00e1c MOSFET ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t (Depletion-mode MOSFETs) (\u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00eanh li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n <p>Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn MOSFET ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa c\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n (Vdss) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf khi d\u1eabn (Rds(on)). Rds(on) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 m\u1ed7i milliohm \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao. Tham s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ed5ng (Vgs(th)), quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n 3,3V hay t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u logic 5V c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ed5ng MOSFET hay kh\u00f4ng, hay li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ed5ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n <p>L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn: C\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t GaN (Nitrua Galli) v\u00e0 SiC (Cacbua Silic) c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c MOSFET silicon truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng mang l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn thay th\u1ebf cho b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh xem linh ki\u1ec7n g\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng GaN hay SiC. M\u1ed9t MOSFET silicon c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng logic<\/h3>\n\n <p>C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5p b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u2014 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00e3 linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. M\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (op-amp) x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u) v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u2014 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o pha (\u2212) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o pha (+) \u2014 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u1ed5ng logic.<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed5ng logic, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa IEC v\u00e0 ANSI l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60617, c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u00e8m theo nh\u00e3n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: \u201c&\u201d cho AND, \u201c\u22651\u201d cho OR, \u201c=1\u201d cho XOR, \u201c1\u201d cho b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c logic (ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh). Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI\/IEEE, c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>C\u1ed5ng<\/th><th>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/th><th>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/th><th>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>V\u00c0<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi \u201c&\u201d<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef D, ph\u1eb3ng b\u00ean tr\u00e1i<\/td><td>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee9c HIGH khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf m\u1ee9c HIGH<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>HO\u1eb6C<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi \u201c\u22651\u201d<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cong, \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u1ecdn<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u ra \u1edf m\u1ee9c CAO khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o \u1edf m\u1ee9c CAO<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>KH\u00d4NG (Bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n)<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c1\u201d + bong b\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c + bong b\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u ra = \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NAND<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c&\u201d + bong b\u00f3ng tho\u1ea1i<\/td><td>V\u00c0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng + bong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td><td>V\u00c0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 NOT<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NOR<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c\u22651\u201d + bong b\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng OR + bong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td><td>HO\u1eb6C ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>XOR<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c=1\u201d<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng OR + \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cong th\u00eam<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u ra \u1edf m\u1ee9c HIGH khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nhau<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c mua s\u1eafm, c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC) l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch: b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0 74HC00, ATmega328P, LM358) ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u IC. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mua h\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i g\u00f3i (DIP cho l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean, SOIC\/QFP\/BGA cho g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i 0\u201370\u00b0C, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u221240 \u0111\u1ebfn +85\u00b0C, \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u221240 \u0111\u1ebfn +125\u00b0C). Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng IC lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong v\u1ecf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 65\u00b0C v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n <h2>T\u1eeb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u2014 C\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n <p>Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn: sau khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi c\u1ea7n mua c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n?<\/p>\n\n <p>Quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m ba b\u01b0\u1edbc: gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Khung tham chi\u1ebfu cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0: Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u2192 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2192 Ngu\u1ed3n.<\/strong> B\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cGi\u1ea3i m\u00e3\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i danh m\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cNgu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng g\u1eedi cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d \u2014 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-step\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-num\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-title\">Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-desc\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-connector\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"5\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"19\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"12 5 19 12 12 19\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-step\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-num\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-title\">Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-desc\">Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, x\u00e1c minh vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-connector\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"5\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"19\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"12 5 19 12 12 19\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-step\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-num\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-title\">Ngu\u1ed3n<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-desc\">L\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u giao h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1 \u2014 \u0110\u1ecdc m\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean mua g\u00ec<\/h3>\n\n <p>B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tuy c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch:<\/p>\n\n <ol>\n <li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u.<\/strong> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC), h\u00ecnh zigzag (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI), hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song (t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n), h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y (cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI), thanh r\u1ed7ng (cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC), h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c k\u00e8m thanh ngang (\u0111i\u1ed1t) hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ba c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean (b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn)? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/strong> M\u0169i t\u00ean xuy\u00ean qua bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2192 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. T\u1ea5m cong \u2192 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u2192 l\u00f5i s\u1eaft\/ferit. \u201ct\u00b0\u201d \u2192 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u201cU\u201d \u2192 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i \u2192 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng. M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong \u2192 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con.<\/li>\n <li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd.<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt (IEC) hay h\u00ecnh zigzag (ANSI)? Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng thanh (IEC) hay d\u1ea1ng v\u00f2ng (ANSI)? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, khung ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n <li><strong>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/strong> M\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEEE 200-1975 \/ ASME Y14.44: R = \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, C = t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, L = cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, Q = b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, U = m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, K = r\u01a1le ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1, F = c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, S = c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, T = bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p, D = \u0111i\u1ed1t (\u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 CR cho \u0111i\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ef1c \u00e2m). M\u00e3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 (R12, C5, K3), gi\u00fap li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (BOM). T\u00ecm d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong BOM v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n <li><strong>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh.<\/strong> B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb linh ki\u1ec7n (10k\u03a9, 100\u00b5F, 4,7mH), th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (1\/4W, 25V, 2A) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dung sai (\u00b11%, \u00b110%). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <blockquote>\n <p><strong>Ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd:<\/strong> \u201cR12 10 k\u03a9 1\/4 W \u00b11% 0805\u201d<\/p>\n <p>Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3: K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu R \u2192 \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. S\u1ed1 12 \u2192 D\u00f2ng 12 trong danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf). Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 10k\u03a9 \u2192 10.000 ohm. C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 1\/4W \u2192 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau t\u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,25 watt. Dung sai \u00b11% \u2192 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u1ecf 0805 \u2192 g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 2,0mm \u00d7 1,25mm.<\/p>\n <p>C\u1ea7n mua: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf chip g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t 10k\u03a9, v\u1ecf 0805, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 0,25W, dung sai \u00b11%, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo BOM.<\/p>\n <\/blockquote>\n\n <p>M\u00e3 tham chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t trong quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u201cR12\u201d trong BOM s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u2014 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 BOM, ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 tham chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n <h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2 \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n\n <p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mua c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00edch. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c mua s\u1eafm qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i quan v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu d\u1ea5u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-cert-map bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">D\u1ea5u CE<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">Khu v\u1ef1c Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2014 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">CCC<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2014 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">EAC<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">Li\u00ean minh Kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1-\u00c2u \u2014 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nga, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia v\u00e0 Kyrgyzstan<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn UL<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn UL<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/strong> RoHS (H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb 2011\/65\/EU c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ec, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, cadmium v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n RoHS theo m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u0169 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1edbp h\u00e0n ch\u1ee9a ch\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u2014 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/strong> Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y r\u01a1le c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c 230V s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ch 120V. M\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p 60Hz c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n 50Hz. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 50Hz v\u00e0 60Hz \u2014 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 60Hz s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n 17% khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 50Hz, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp (IP).<\/strong> Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60529, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng IP cho bi\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: IP20 (an to\u00e0n khi ch\u1ea1m tay, d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n trong nh\u00e0), IP65 (ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tia n\u01b0\u1edbc phun \u2014 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi), IP67 (ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e2m n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00fat nh\u1ea5n, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IP quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IP20 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ecfng ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n <h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u2014 So\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/h3>\n\n <p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t RFQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t RFQ m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m r\u00f5, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 th\u00eam v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u2014 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 cho sai linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/th><th>V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th><th>T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td><td>\u201cT\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n\u201d<\/td><td>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p theo lo\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh<\/td><td>\u201c100 \u00b5F, 25 V, \u00b120%, 105 \u00b0C, 2000 gi\u1edd\u201d<\/td><td>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tham chi\u1ebfu<\/td><td>\u201cTu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60384-4\u201d<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/td><td>\u201cPh\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n CE v\u00e0 RoHS\u201d<\/td><td>Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ecb h\u1ea3i quan t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/td><td>\u201c500 chi\u1ebfc; l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 5.000 chi\u1ebfc\u201d<\/td><td>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>G\u00f3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \/ K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/td><td>\u201cD\u00e2y d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n 5 mm, \u00d88 mm \u00d7 12 mm\u201d<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ng\u00e0y giao h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/td><td>\u201cTrong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\u201d<\/td><td>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 bao b\u00ec<\/td><td>\u201cB\u0103ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/td><td>Gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>Hai l\u1ed7i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 sai:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <ol>\n <li><strong>\u201cC\u1ee9 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ghi \u201cR\u01a1le K3\u201d kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m hay th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (do th\u00f4ng tin qu\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3), ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i r\u01a1le n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong kho \u2014 lo\u1ea1i r\u01a1le n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Lu\u00f4n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00f4ng tin tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n <li><strong>B\u1ecf qua s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cho 10 chi\u1ebfc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cho 1.000 chi\u1ebfc. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng (cao) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u201c\u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, 5.000 chi\u1ebfc\/n\u0103m n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn\u201d s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 m\u1eabu c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <p><strong>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng.<\/strong> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c mua t\u1eebng linh ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng giao ti\u1ebfp, chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u1ea3i quan. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ed9ng \u2014 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, r\u01a1le, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau \u2014 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1ed9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd linh ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i 10\u201320 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n <p><em>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh xem c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111a ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 OMCH (omch.com) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea1m vi cung c\u1ea5p xuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p.<\/em><\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-cta-end bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-cta-end-icon\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"22\" y1=\"2\" x2=\"11\" y2=\"13\"\/><polygon points=\"22 2 15 22 11 13 2 9 22 2\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cta-end-title\">Nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 cho nhi\u1ec1u danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cta-end-subtitle\">M\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (BOM), m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, r\u01a1le v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c.<\/div>\n <a class=\"bp-cta-end-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/contact\/\" target=\"_self\">G\u1eedi danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb<\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"bd-references\">\n <div class=\"bd-references-title\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/div>\n <ol>\n <li>\u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u201cIEC 60617 \u2014 C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/std.iec.ch\/iec60617\">https:\/\/std.iec.ch\/iec60617<\/a><\/li>\n <li>IEEE. \u201cIEEE 315-1975 \/ ANSI Y32.2 \u2014 C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/standard\/315-1975.html\">https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/standard\/315-1975.html<\/a><\/li>\n <li>IEC. \u201cIEC 60529 \u2014 C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 do v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p (M\u00e3 IP).\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/2453\">https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/2453<\/a><\/li>\n <li>IEEE. \u201cIEEE 200-1975 \u2014 C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4483758\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4483758<\/a><\/li>\n <li>RS Components. \u201cH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.\u201d Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/uk.rs-online.com\/web\/content\/discovery\/ideas-and-advice\/electrical-symbols-guide\">https:\/\/uk.rs-online.com\/web\/content\/discovery\/ideas-and-advice\/electrical-symbols-guide<\/a><\/li>\n <li>OMCH. Trang web ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/\">https:\/\/www.omch.com\/<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ol>\n <\/div>\n <\/article>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body><\/html>\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n: T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? H\u00e3y m\u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u2014 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh 3D. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12122,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Electrical Component Symbols Explained: From Schematic Reading to Component Sourcing","_seopress_titles_desc":"Learn how to read electrical component symbols from IEC and ANSI schematics, decode technical specifications, and source the right parts with confidence.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mmlblog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12119"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12123,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12119\/revisions\/12123"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12122"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":12119,"date":"2026-07-16T09:19:26","date_gmt":"2026-07-16T09:19:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/?p=12119"},"modified":"2026-07-16T09:19:29","modified_gmt":"2026-07-16T09:19:29","slug":"electrical-component-symbols","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/electrical-component-symbols\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n: T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n \n \n Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n: T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n<\/title>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"bd-post\">\n <style>\n @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Manrope:wght@400;600;700&family=Roboto:wght@600;700&display=swap');\n\n .bd-post {\n --prose-width: 720px;\n --gap-attach: 16px;\n --gap-normal: 32px;\n --gap-section: 48px;\n --pad-compact: 16px;\n --pad-standard: 24px;\n --body-bg: #FFFFFF;\n --text-primary: #333333;\n --text-secondary: #6E6E6E;\n --heading-ink: #000000;\n --accent: #479DE2;\n --accent-hot: #FD9649;\n --accent-text: #1A6DB5;\n --inverse-bg: #1E1E1E;\n --inverse-text: #FFFFFF;\n --inverse-text-secondary: #AAAAAA;\n --card-fill: #F5F9FC;\n --card-border: #E0E0E0;\n --panel-fill: #FAFAFA;\n --table-border: #D3D3D3;\n --btn-white: #FFFFFF;\n --btn-ink: #0D3972;\n font-family: \"Manrope\", sans-serif;\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 400;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: var(--text-primary);\n background: var(--body-bg);\n padding: 40px;\n max-width: 100%;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n .bd-post a { overflow-wrap: anywhere; 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font-weight: 700; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--inverse-text); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-subtitle { font-size: 16px; color: var(--inverse-text-secondary); line-height: 1.5; max-width: 480px; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 14px 32px; border-radius: 6px; font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; border: none; cursor: pointer; background: var(--accent-hot); color: var(--btn-ink); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn:hover { background: var(--btn-white); color: var(--btn-ink); }\n\n \/* Symbol visual reference grid *\/\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 12px; margin: var(--gap-normal) 0; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-card { background: var(--card-fill); border: 1px solid var(--card-border); border-radius: 6px; padding: 10px 8px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 4px; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-drawing { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 2px; color: var(--accent); }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-drawing svg { width: 64px; height: 32px; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-std { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--text-secondary); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.3px; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-label { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--heading-ink); text-align: center; line-height: 1.3; }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-label em { font-style: normal; color: var(--accent-text); font-size: 12px; }\n\n \/* References section *\/\n .bd-post .bd-references { margin-top: var(--gap-section); padding-top: 24px; border-top: 1px solid var(--table-border); }\n .bd-post .bd-references-title { font-family: \"Roboto\", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.2; color: var(--heading-ink); margin: 0 0 12px; }\n .bd-post .bd-references ol { font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-secondary); }\n .bd-post .bd-references li a { color: var(--accent-text); }\n\n \/* Interaction & Motion *\/\n @media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {\n @supports (animation-timeline: view()) {\n .bd-post .bd-reveal { animation: bd-fade-in linear both; animation-timeline: view(); animation-range: entry 0% entry 35%; }\n @keyframes bd-fade-in { from { opacity: 0; } to { opacity: 1; } }\n }\n .bd-post h2 { transition: color .2s ease-out, transform .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post h2:hover { color: var(--accent-text); transform: scale(1.02); }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow { transition: transform .25s ease-out, box-shadow .25s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow:hover .bp-decode-flow-num { color: var(--accent-hot); }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-card { transition: transform .2s ease-out, box-shadow .2s ease-out, border-color .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-card:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); border-color: var(--accent); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-btn { transition: background .2s ease-out, color .2s ease-out, transform .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-mid-btn:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn { transition: background .2s ease-out, color .2s ease-out, transform .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-btn:hover { transform: translateY(-1px); }\n .bd-post .bd-post-article a { transition: color .2s ease-out, text-decoration-color .2s ease-out; }\n .bd-post tr { transition: background .15s ease-out; }\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 767px) {\n .bd-post { padding: 16px; }\n .bd-post h1 { font-size: 26px; }\n .bd-post h2 { font-size: 26px; margin-top: 32px; }\n .bd-post h3 { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 24px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow { flex-direction: column; align-items: center; gap: 12px; }\n .bd-post .bp-decode-flow-connector svg { transform: rotate(90deg); }\n .bd-post .bd-symbol-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }\n .bd-post .bp-cert-map { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .bd-post .bp-cta-end-title { font-size: 24px; }\n .bd-post .bp-tip-passive { flex-direction: column; }\n }\n <\/style>\n <article class=\"bd-post-article\">\n <h1><\/h1>\n\n <h2>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/h2>\n\n <p>H\u00e3y m\u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u2014 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 3D. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean trang gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n <p>Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u2014 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t \u0111i-\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ed9t thanh ngang. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n <p>L\u00fd do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf Stuttgart c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u1edf Jakarta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean mua s\u1eafm \u1edf Dubai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u2014 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o: <strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong> (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 <strong>IEEE 315 \/ ANSI Y32.2<\/strong> (ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9).<\/p>\n\n <p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham chi\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng khi mua linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p sao cho nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa \u201cT\u00f4i bi\u1ebft k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cT\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fang linh ki\u1ec7n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Tham kh\u1ea3o nhanh: 20 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n <p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tham kh\u1ea3o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft\u201d khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a quen thu\u1ed9c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tham chi\u1ebfu \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper bd-reveal\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th><th>Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/th><th>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/th><th>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/th><th>M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh ch\u00ednh<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>R<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag<\/td><td>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa IEC v\u00e0 ANSI<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n (kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c)<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>G\u1ed1m\/m\u00e0ng \u2014 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n<\/td><td>C<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1eb3ng + m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cong (\u2212)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u1eb7t cong = c\u1ef1c \u00e2m<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m (l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed)<\/td><td>L<\/td><td>Thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1eb9p<\/td><td>D\u00e3y cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp<\/td><td>Loops \u2260 zigzag<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p (l\u00f5i s\u1eaft)<\/td><td>T<\/td><td>Hai h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i + c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f5i<\/td><td>Hai b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i + c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y ch\u00ednh<\/td><td>L\u00f5i = hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng song song<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ed1t (ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u)<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o thanh<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c = h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ed1t Zener<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>\u0110i-\u1ed1t + c\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean thanh cat\u1ed1t<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>LED<\/td><td>D<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ed1t + hai m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u0169i t\u00ean = ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn NPN<\/td><td>Q<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n + thanh n\u1ec1n + m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u00e1t ra h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra xa \u0111\u1ebf<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn PNP<\/td><td>Q<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n + thanh n\u1ec1n + m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u00e1t ra h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ebf<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>MOSFET (lo\u1ea1i N-ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng)<\/td><td>Q<\/td><td>C\u1ed5ng c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi k\u00eanh + \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00e9t + \u0111i\u1ed1t th\u00e2n<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Pin \/ Ngu\u1ed3n DC<\/td><td>BT<\/td><td>C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i (+) + \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn (\u2212)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i = c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ngu\u1ed3n AC<\/td><td>G<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng sin (~)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110\u00e8n b\u00e1o ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1edbi<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>\u0110\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n\/b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec<\/td><td>F<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u00e2y \u0111i qua gi\u1eefa<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c\/h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S<\/td><td>Ch\u1ea3y ra khi qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch<\/td><td>QF<\/td><td>Ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc g\u00f3c + k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e9o<\/td><td>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia l\u1eeda<\/td><td>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ANSI s\u1ed1 52 cho c\u1ea7u dao AC<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>R\u01a1le (cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y + ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m SPST)<\/td><td>K<\/td><td>Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt + \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/td><td>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/td><td>Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2192 ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPST (NO)<\/td><td>S<\/td><td>\u0110i\u1ec3m ng\u1eaft g\u00f3c trong m\u1ea1ch (kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch = m\u1edf khi ngh\u1ec9)<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc b\u1eadt\/t\u1eaft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPDT<\/td><td>S<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y gi\u1eefa hai ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td><td>U<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o (+\/\u2212), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td><td>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC<\/td><td>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai sau \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>M\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu (Ref) tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc IEEE 200-1975 \/ ASME Y14.44 \u2014 so kh\u1edbp m\u00e3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong b\u1ea3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-grid bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"10\" width=\"36\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"18,20 23,8 28,32 33,8 38,32 43,8 48,32 53,8 58,20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf <em>R<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"25\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"32\"\/><line x1=\"55\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"55\" y2=\"32\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n <em>C<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"25\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"32\"\/><path d=\"M55 8 Q65 20 55 32\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"10\" font-family=\"sans-serif\">\u2212<\/text><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n <em>C<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"22\" y=\"12\" width=\"36\" height=\"16\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"currentColor\" fill-opacity=\"0.3\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"20\"\/><path d=\"M18 20 Q20 16 22 20 Q24 24 26 20 Q28 16 30 20 Q32 24 34 20 Q36 16 38 20 Q40 24 42 20 Q44 16 46 20 Q48 24 50 20 Q52 16 54 20 Q56 24 58 20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m <em>L<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"18\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"18\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"34\"\/><rect x=\"44\" y=\"10\" width=\"18\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"34\"\/><line x1=\"62\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"8\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"14\" y2=\"20\"\/><path d=\"M14 20 Q16 16 18 20 Q20 24 22 20 Q24 16 26 20\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"26\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"34\"\/><path d=\"M34 20 Q36 16 38 20 Q40 24 42 20 Q44 16 46 20\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"34\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i <em>T<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"20\"\/><polygon points=\"25,8 50,20 25,32\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110i\u1ed1t <em>D<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><polygon points=\"22,8 47,20 22,32\"\/><line x1=\"47\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"47\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"51\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"14\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110i\u1ed1t Zener <em>D<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"20\"\/><polygon points=\"22,8 47,20 22,32\"\/><line x1=\"47\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"5\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"40,5 48,12\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"35\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"28\"\/><polyline points=\"40,35 48,28\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">LED <em>D<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"20\" r=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"52,14 55,20 52,26\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn NPN <em>Q<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"20\" r=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"58,14 55,20 58,26\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn PNP <em>Q<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"10\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"32\"\/><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"20\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"32\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><polyline points=\"54,26 62,20 54,14\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">MOSFET k\u00eanh N <em>Q<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"38\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"38\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"46\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"46\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"30\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"68\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Pin <em>BT<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"20\" r=\"12\"\/><path d=\"M33 14 Q40 8 47 14 Q40 10 33 14\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><path d=\"M33 26 Q40 32 47 26 Q40 30 33 26\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">Ngu\u1ed3n AC <em>G<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"12\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"20\" y1=\"22\" x2=\"60\" y2=\"22\"\/><line x1=\"36\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"30\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">\u0110\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"35\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"35\" y=\"13\" width=\"18\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"53\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" rx=\"6\"\/><path d=\"M42 20 Q46 16 50 20 Q54 24 58 20\"\/><line x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec <em>F<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"28\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"38\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"55\" y2=\"26\"\/><circle cx=\"55\" cy=\"26\" r=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"55\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"55\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"30\" y=\"14\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M42 14 Q46 10 50 14\"\/><line x1=\"55\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">B\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch <em>QF<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><rect x=\"18\" y=\"10\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\"\/><line x1=\"38\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"20\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"52\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">R\u01a1le <em>K<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPST (NO) <em>S<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><line x1=\"15\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"26\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"26\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"14\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"14\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"65\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPDT <em>S<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <div class=\"bd-symbol-card\"><div class=\"bd-symbol-drawing\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 80 40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polygon points=\"40,6 55,20 40,34 25,20\"\/><line x1=\"40\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"28\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"10\" y2=\"20\"\/><line x1=\"50\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"20\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"bd-symbol-std\">IEC\/ANSI<\/span><\/div><div class=\"bd-symbol-label\">M\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng <em>U<\/em><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>M\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu (Ref) tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc IEEE 200-1975 \/ ASME Y14.44 \u2014 so kh\u1edbp m\u00e3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong b\u1ea3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n <h2>IEC v\u00e0 ANSI: Hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00ean bi\u1ebft<\/h2>\n\n <p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xem hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd kia, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI.<\/p>\n\n <p>C\u00e1i <strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong> Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, do \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IEC) qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng 1.900 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (CIS), \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u IEC th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u00e8m nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n <p>C\u00e1i <strong>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/strong> Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean ANSI Y32.2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169 do M\u1ef9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01a1n \u2014 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng cong \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <strong>JIS<\/strong> ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a IEC. M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi h\u01a1n, <strong>IPC-2612-1<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u1ea3 hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u0169.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th><th>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/th><th>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/th><th>C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/td><td>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag<\/td><td>IEC: Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\/Ch\u00e2u \u00c1\/Trung \u0110\u00f4ng\/CIS; ANSI: B\u1eafc M\u1ef9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh (l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed)<\/td><td>Thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1eb9p<\/td><td>Chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y\/g\u00f2 u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/td><td>C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia theo khu v\u1ef1c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c<\/td><td>M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1eb3ng + m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cong<\/td><td>C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng chung, t\u1ea5m cong = \u00e2m<\/td><td>S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t chung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u1ed5ng AND<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi \u201c&\u201d<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef D v\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tr\u00e1i ph\u1eb3ng<\/td><td>IEC: hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\/to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u; ANSI: c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111i qua t\u00e2m<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c\/h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S<\/td><td>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01a1n<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>B\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch<\/td><td>Ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc g\u00f3c c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ch\u00e9o<\/td><td>H\u1ed9p vu\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong d\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh cung<\/td><td>ANSI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb 52 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch AC<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a IEC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI \u2014 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Khi t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n <h2>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n <p>M\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 may m\u1eafn thay, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o pin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn (c\u1ef1c \u00e2m) \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i pin. Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201c+\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u2212\u201d. Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng pin, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111i k\u00e8m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh mua s\u1eafm.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u.<\/strong> Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng sin (~). K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p m\u1ea1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ch. Trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 danh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2014 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201c380V 50Hz\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ba pha ho\u1eb7c \u201c220V 50Hz\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t pha ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00f3 ba bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n <ul>\n <li><strong>\u0110\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong> (\u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7): ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ecdc n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t khung g\u1ea7m<\/strong>: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c t\u00f4 b\u00f3ng, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecf kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng che ch\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho d\u00e2y n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng an to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n <li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tham chi\u1ebfu<\/strong> (chung cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1\/t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1): m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed7ng ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu 0V cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia mua s\u1eafm, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n mua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau \u2014 110V\/60Hz cho B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 so v\u1edbi 220V\/50Hz cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2014 th\u00ec bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n AC b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c minh d\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n <h2>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m<\/h2>\n\n <p>C\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i hay chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u2014 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u1ecdc t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 60\u201370% trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y quan s\u00e1t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng), sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung (m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean xuy\u00ean qua bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh; m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cong bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh; k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201ct\u00b0\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec7n dung, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 R12 ho\u1eb7c C5).<\/strong> Quy tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e9t ba b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u2014 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u2192 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u2192 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u2014 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u2014 Lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, chia \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2014 v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa IEC v\u00e0 ANSI.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong> Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60617, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI\/IEEE 315, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd theo t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c \u2014 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang xem b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mua s\u1eafm, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Bi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebft \u00e1p.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u00e9o \u0111i qua k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. N\u1ebfu m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebft \u00e1p \u2014 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chia \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ba c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, n\u00fam \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f9y theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u00b0\u201d b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u2014 h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201c+t\u00b0\u201d (PTC, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u0103ng theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng) v\u00e0 \u201c\u2212t\u00b0\u201d (NTC, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf gi\u1ea3m theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng). \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf quang ho\u1eb7c LDR (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng) c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Varistor (MOV, varistor oxit kim lo\u1ea1i) c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u201cU\u201d, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o AC c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm.<\/strong> Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm mua linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111i k\u00e8m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 mua h\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (\u03a9, k\u03a9 ho\u1eb7c M\u03a9), c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (W), dung sai (\u00b1%) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecf (lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c xuy\u00ean l\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc SMD nh\u01b0 0805, 0603, 0402). M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 \u201cR12 10k\u03a9 1\/4W \u00b11% 0805\u201d tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u2014 mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb BOM.<\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 T\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, t\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean<\/h3>\n\n <p>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u2014 hai t\u1ea5m song song \u2014 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft tinh t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t linh ki\u1ec7n theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o hay ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00fang c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c.<\/strong> Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m, t\u1ee5 m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf. C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 hai ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c (t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n).<\/strong> Khi m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c: ph\u00eda cong l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ef1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng t\u1ee5 \u2014 \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201c+\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 tantali (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao h\u01a1n), k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n linh ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u201c+\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng thay v\u00ec d\u1ea5u \u201c\u2212\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u2014 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp r\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean.<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i qua hai t\u1ea5m song song bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m. Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u2014 m\u00e1y thu radio, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u2014 v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm.<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0: \u0111i\u1ec7n dung (\u00b5F ho\u1eb7c F), \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (V DC), d\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng \u2014 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n) v\u00e0 ESR (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp) cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m, c\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i (X7R, NP0\/C0G, Y5V). C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 m\u1ea1ch ngay c\u1ea3 khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n dung tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n <h3>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p<\/h3>\n\n <p>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng d\u00e2y \u2014 ho\u1eb7c theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a IEC, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan ch\u00ednh gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00f5i.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/strong> Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60617, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t thanh r\u1eafn. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t u\u1ed1n cong ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u201cg\u1edd\u201d. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cl\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00f5i t\u1eeb \u2014 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch RF, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 l\u00f5i ferit ho\u1eb7c l\u00f5i s\u1eaft s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n hao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p l\u00f5i s\u1eaft.<\/strong> Hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u1ecdc theo ho\u1eb7c xuy\u00ean qua k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m\/cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb l\u00f5i t\u1eeb \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1eaft l\u00e1 cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c ferit cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n. Khi hai cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng hai k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f5i n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau), \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p. Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 v\u00f2ng qu\u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o) l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p; cu\u1ed9n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n <p>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn <strong>bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT)<\/strong>. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p ngu\u1ed3n. M\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT) c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ea1 \u00e1p d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c r\u01a1le \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 \u00e1p \u2014 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, t\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eaft, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC v\u00e0 ANSI. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e8m ch\u00fa th\u00edch t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u201c100\/5A\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT).<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm.<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m (\u00b5H, mH), d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (A), \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf DC ho\u1eb7c DCR (\u03a9), v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng che ch\u1eafn (c\u00f3 che ch\u1eafn so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng che ch\u1eafn \u2014 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n EMI). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (VA) v\u00e0 d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng: m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (50\/60 Hz, l\u00f5i s\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp) v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao (b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch, l\u00f5i ferrite) c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t mua lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong khi c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i kia, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-icon\">\n <svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"16\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"12\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"12.01\" y2=\"8\"\/><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-body\">\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-label\">\u0110ang c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mua c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng? H\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-list\">\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-item\"><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (\u03a9), c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (W), dung sai (\u00b1%), ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i (0805\/0603\/tr\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc)<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-item\"><strong>T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n dung (\u00b5F), \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (V), d\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, ESR (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi SMPS), lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-tip-passive-item\"><strong>Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m\/Bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m (\u00b5H\/mH) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t VA \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c (A), \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf DC (DCR), l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn, d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h2>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, r\u01a1le v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/h2>\n\n <p>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc g\u1ea1t) v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, r\u01a1le v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao) tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch.<\/strong> M\u1ed7i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eaft ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. SPST (M\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed) l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u2014 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch, b\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c t\u1eaft. SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u1ea3 thi \u2014 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) l\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc SPDT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y v\u00e0 d\u00e2y trung t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch AC \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc n\u00fat nh\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ed3i v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 xo: c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf (NO) s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng (NC) s\u1ebd m\u1edf khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n. Tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa NO v\u00e0 NC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m khi \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngh\u1ec9 \u2014 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 NO (m\u1ea1ch m\u1edf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n), ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1m nhau ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 NC (m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n).<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea. <strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/strong> ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2014 khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 IEC, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. <strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc vi m\u00f4<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn \u2014 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u1eeda l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y CNC. <strong>C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch<\/strong> (c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n dung, t\u1eeb t\u00ednh) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u IEC ri\u00eang, th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m h\u00ecnh thoi ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n <p>\u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb: bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc cho bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch (SPDT, NO, NC) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m (NO\/NC\/chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i), lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u1ea7n g\u1ea1t con l\u0103n, p\u00edt-t\u00f4ng, thanh \u0111\u1ea9y), v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 IP (IP65 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, IP67 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ed7 \u0111i d\u00e2y. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu \u2014 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IP \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>R\u01a1le v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1.<\/strong> Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u01a1le bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh cong) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m SPST\/SPDT v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00e9t n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y). Khi cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. R\u01a1le x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf); c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i r\u01a1le c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gia nhi\u1ec7t (d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn). C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n c\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/strong> C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec (h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y qua gi\u1eefa) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch (bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc k\u00e8m c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eaft d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y ra h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ANSI, b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u2014 \u201c52\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch ngu\u1ed3n AC. R\u01a1le qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng hai v\u00f2m nhi\u1ec7t n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o trong ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC) b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1 trong m\u1ea1ch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-cta-mid bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-cta-mid-text\">B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, r\u01a1le ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau? H\u00e3y g\u1eedi danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (BOM) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 30 danh m\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/div>\n <a class=\"bp-cta-mid-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/contact\/\" target=\"_self\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 linh ki\u1ec7n <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"5\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"19\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"12 5 19 12 12 19\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <h2>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n <p>Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u2014 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng sang c\u1ef1c \u00e2m), c\u00f2n c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung xung quanh h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 chung cho c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn: h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn (t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i P sang lo\u1ea1i N). M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n bao quanh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed7i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ed5 sung \u2014 m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong, m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i, thanh cat\u1ed1t u\u1ed1n cong, c\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf \u2014 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111i-\u1ed1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i-\u1ed1t \u2014 \u0110i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u, \u0111i-\u1ed1t Zener, \u0111\u00e8n LED v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0110i-\u1ed1t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn: d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y t\u1ef1 do theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t thanh ph\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea1y (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2192 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m).<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i\u1ed1t Zener.<\/strong> Thanh c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3c u\u1ed1n cong nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u00e1nh\u201d \u2014 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i-\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, duy tr\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i-\u1ed1t Zener l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 \u00e1p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh mua s\u1eafm l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p Zener (Vz), c\u00f3 d\u1ea3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 2,4 V \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 200 V.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i-\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t quang (LED).<\/strong> Hai m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i-\u1ed1t cho bi\u1ebft \u0111i-\u1ed1t n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c thu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n LED kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n LED tr\u1eafng), g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn (t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9), c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 quang (mcd) v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecf \u0111\u00e8n.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>\u0110i-\u1ed1t quang.<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i-\u1ed1t, cho th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn quang h\u1ecdc, r\u00e8m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 thu t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ee3i quang \u2014 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ea7u.<\/strong> B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo h\u00ecnh thoi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u to\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u2014 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u (AC) sang d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh thoi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o AC n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra DC (+ v\u00e0 \u2212) n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai g\u00f3c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i \u0111a (Vrrm) v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn trung b\u00ecnh (If). M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ra t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n <p>M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd khi mua h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i-\u1ed1t c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. \u0110i-\u1ed1t Schottky (chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch nhanh, s\u1ee5t \u00e1p thu\u1eadn th\u1ea5p) c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111i-\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u silicon ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i kia trong m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c. B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c ghi r\u00f5 \u201cSchottky\u201d n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu chi ti\u1ebft, th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u2014 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch mua s\u1eafm ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n\n <h3>C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 MOSFET \u2014 Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n\n <p>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 MOSFET l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong m\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u0111i-\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c van m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c van t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7: m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c (BJT).<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn NPN v\u00e0 PNP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t: h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi NPN, m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda <strong>b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/strong> (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ghi nh\u1edb: NPN = m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra xa c\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PNP, m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng <strong>v\u00e0o trong<\/strong> h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf. H\u01b0\u1edbng m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ra chi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khi mua s\u1eafm c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng song song (BJT): \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa c\u1ef1c thu v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t (Vceo), d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c thu t\u1ed1i \u0111a (Ic), h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (hFE) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxit kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/strong> B\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kim lo\u1ea1i-\u00f4xit-b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (MOSFET) \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u1ecb c\u1ef1c (BJT) trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ba c\u1ef1c \u2014 C\u1ed5ng (Gate), C\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t (Drain) v\u00e0 C\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n (Source) \u2014 trong \u0111\u00f3 C\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi k\u00eanh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khe h\u1edf (bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ed5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n). M\u1ed9t \u0111i-\u1ed1t th\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Source v\u00e0 Drain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac MOSFET v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c MOSFET ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng (Enhancement-mode MOSFETs) (lo\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00eanh \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n; c\u00e1c MOSFET ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t (Depletion-mode MOSFETs) (\u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00eanh li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n <p>Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn MOSFET ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa c\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n (Vdss) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf khi d\u1eabn (Rds(on)). Rds(on) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2014 m\u1ed7i milliohm \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cao. Tham s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ed5ng (Vgs(th)), quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n 3,3V hay t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u logic 5V c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ed5ng MOSFET hay kh\u00f4ng, hay li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ed5ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n <p>L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn: C\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t GaN (Nitrua Galli) v\u00e0 SiC (Cacbua Silic) c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c MOSFET silicon truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng mang l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn thay th\u1ebf cho b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao, b\u1ed9 s\u1ea1c xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh xem linh ki\u1ec7n g\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng GaN hay SiC. M\u1ed9t MOSFET silicon c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng logic<\/h3>\n\n <p>C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5p b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u2014 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00e3 linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. M\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (op-amp) x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u) v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u2014 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o pha (\u2212) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o pha (+) \u2014 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra. H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u1ed5ng logic.<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed5ng logic, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa IEC v\u00e0 ANSI l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60617, c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u00e8m theo nh\u00e3n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: \u201c&\u201d cho AND, \u201c\u22651\u201d cho OR, \u201c=1\u201d cho XOR, \u201c1\u201d cho b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c logic (ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh). Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI\/IEEE, c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>C\u1ed5ng<\/th><th>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 60617 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/th><th>ANSI\/IEEE 315<\/th><th>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>V\u00c0<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi \u201c&\u201d<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef D, ph\u1eb3ng b\u00ean tr\u00e1i<\/td><td>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee9c HIGH khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf m\u1ee9c HIGH<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>HO\u1eb6C<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi \u201c\u22651\u201d<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cong, \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u1ecdn<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u ra \u1edf m\u1ee9c CAO khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o \u1edf m\u1ee9c CAO<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>KH\u00d4NG (Bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n)<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c1\u201d + bong b\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c + bong b\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u ra = \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NAND<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c&\u201d + bong b\u00f3ng tho\u1ea1i<\/td><td>V\u00c0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng + bong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td><td>V\u00c0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 NOT<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NOR<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c\u22651\u201d + bong b\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng OR + bong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td><td>HO\u1eb6C ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>XOR<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u201c=1\u201d<\/td><td>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng OR + \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cong th\u00eam<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea7u ra \u1edf m\u1ee9c HIGH khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nhau<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c mua s\u1eafm, c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC) l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch: b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0 74HC00, ATmega328P, LM358) ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u IC. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mua h\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i g\u00f3i (DIP cho l\u1ed7 xuy\u00ean, SOIC\/QFP\/BGA cho g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i 0\u201370\u00b0C, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u221240 \u0111\u1ebfn +85\u00b0C, \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u221240 \u0111\u1ebfn +125\u00b0C). Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng IC lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong v\u1ecf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 65\u00b0C v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n <h2>T\u1eeb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u2014 C\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n <p>Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn: sau khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi c\u1ea7n mua c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n?<\/p>\n\n <p>Quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m ba b\u01b0\u1edbc: gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mua s\u1eafm, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Khung tham chi\u1ebfu cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0: Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u2192 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2192 Ngu\u1ed3n.<\/strong> B\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cGi\u1ea3i m\u00e3\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i danh m\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cNgu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng\u201d chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng g\u1eedi cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d \u2014 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-step\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-num\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-title\">Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-desc\">X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-connector\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"5\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"19\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"12 5 19 12 12 19\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-step\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-num\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-title\">Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-desc\">Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, x\u00e1c minh vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-connector\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"5\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"19\" y2=\"12\"\/><polyline points=\"12 5 19 12 12 19\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-step\">\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-num\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-title\">Ngu\u1ed3n<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-decode-flow-desc\">L\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u giao h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1 \u2014 \u0110\u1ecdc m\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean mua g\u00ec<\/h3>\n\n <p>B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tuy c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch:<\/p>\n\n <ol>\n <li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u.<\/strong> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC), h\u00ecnh zigzag (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI), hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song (t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n), h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y (cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ANSI), thanh r\u1ed7ng (cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC), h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c k\u00e8m thanh ngang (\u0111i\u1ed1t) hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ba c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean (b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn)? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/strong> M\u0169i t\u00ean xuy\u00ean qua bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2192 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. T\u1ea5m cong \u2192 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u2192 l\u00f5i s\u1eaft\/ferit. \u201ct\u00b0\u201d \u2192 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u201cU\u201d \u2192 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p. M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i \u2192 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng. M\u0169i t\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o trong \u2192 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con.<\/li>\n <li><strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd.<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt (IEC) hay h\u00ecnh zigzag (ANSI)? Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng thanh (IEC) hay d\u1ea1ng v\u00f2ng (ANSI)? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd v\u00e0, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, khung ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n <li><strong>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/strong> M\u1ed7i linh ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEEE 200-1975 \/ ASME Y14.44: R = \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, C = t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, L = cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, Q = b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, U = m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, K = r\u01a1le ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u01a1, F = c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, S = c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, T = bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p, D = \u0111i\u1ed1t (\u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 CR cho \u0111i\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u c\u1ef1c \u00e2m). M\u00e3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 (R12, C5, K3), gi\u00fap li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (BOM). T\u00ecm d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong BOM v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n <li><strong>H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh.<\/strong> B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb linh ki\u1ec7n (10k\u03a9, 100\u00b5F, 4,7mH), th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (1\/4W, 25V, 2A) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dung sai (\u00b11%, \u00b110%). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <blockquote>\n <p><strong>Ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd:<\/strong> \u201cR12 10 k\u03a9 1\/4 W \u00b11% 0805\u201d<\/p>\n <p>Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3: K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu R \u2192 \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. S\u1ed1 12 \u2192 D\u00f2ng 12 trong danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) (\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf). Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 10k\u03a9 \u2192 10.000 ohm. C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 1\/4W \u2192 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau t\u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 0,25 watt. Dung sai \u00b11% \u2192 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u1ecf 0805 \u2192 g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 2,0mm \u00d7 1,25mm.<\/p>\n <p>C\u1ea7n mua: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf chip g\u1eafn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t 10k\u03a9, v\u1ecf 0805, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 0,25W, dung sai \u00b11%, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo BOM.<\/p>\n <\/blockquote>\n\n <p>M\u00e3 tham chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t trong quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u201cR12\u201d trong BOM s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u2014 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 BOM, ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 tham chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n <h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2 \u2014 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n\n <p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Linh ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mua c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00edch. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c mua s\u1eafm qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i quan v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu d\u1ea5u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-cert-map bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">D\u1ea5u CE<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">Khu v\u1ef1c Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2014 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">CCC<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2014 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">EAC<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">Li\u00ean minh Kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1-\u00c2u \u2014 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nga, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia v\u00e0 Kyrgyzstan<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-card\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-badge\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-info\">\n <div class=\"bp-cert-name\">Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn UL<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cert-region\">B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn UL<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/strong> RoHS (H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb 2011\/65\/EU c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ec, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, cadmium v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n RoHS theo m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u0169 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1edbp h\u00e0n ch\u1ee9a ch\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp m\u1ea1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u2014 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>Kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/strong> Cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y r\u01a1le c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c 230V s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ch 120V. M\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p 60Hz c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n 50Hz. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 50Hz v\u00e0 60Hz \u2014 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 60Hz s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n 17% khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 50Hz, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n <p><strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp (IP).<\/strong> Theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60529, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng IP cho bi\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: IP20 (an to\u00e0n khi ch\u1ea1m tay, d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n trong nh\u00e0), IP65 (ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tia n\u01b0\u1edbc phun \u2014 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi), IP67 (ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e2m n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00fat nh\u1ea5n, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IP quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IP20 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u00ean m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ecfng ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n <h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u2014 So\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/h3>\n\n <p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb m\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t RFQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t RFQ m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m r\u00f5, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 th\u00eam v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u2014 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 cho sai linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/th><th>V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th><th>T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td><td>\u201cT\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n\u201d<\/td><td>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p theo lo\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh<\/td><td>\u201c100 \u00b5F, 25 V, \u00b120%, 105 \u00b0C, 2000 gi\u1edd\u201d<\/td><td>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tham chi\u1ebfu<\/td><td>\u201cTu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n IEC 60384-4\u201d<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/td><td>\u201cPh\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n CE v\u00e0 RoHS\u201d<\/td><td>Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ecb h\u1ea3i quan t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/td><td>\u201c500 chi\u1ebfc; l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 5.000 chi\u1ebfc\u201d<\/td><td>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>G\u00f3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \/ K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/td><td>\u201cD\u00e2y d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n 5 mm, \u00d88 mm \u00d7 12 mm\u201d<\/td><td>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ng\u00e0y giao h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn<\/td><td>\u201cTrong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\u201d<\/td><td>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 bao b\u00ec<\/td><td>\u201cB\u0103ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/td><td>Gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <p><strong>Hai l\u1ed7i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (RFQ) th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 sai:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <ol>\n <li><strong>\u201cC\u1ee9 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ghi \u201cR\u01a1le K3\u201d kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m hay th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 (do th\u00f4ng tin qu\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3), ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i r\u01a1le n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong kho \u2014 lo\u1ea1i r\u01a1le n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Lu\u00f4n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00f4ng tin tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n <li><strong>B\u1ecf qua s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cho 10 chi\u1ebfc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cho 1.000 chi\u1ebfc. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng (cao) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u201c\u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, 5.000 chi\u1ebfc\/n\u0103m n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn\u201d s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 m\u1eabu c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <p><strong>L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng.<\/strong> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c linh ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c mua t\u1eebng linh ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng giao ti\u1ebfp, chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u1ea3i quan. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ed9ng \u2014 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, r\u01a1le, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau \u2014 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1ed9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd linh ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i 10\u201320 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n <p><em>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh xem c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p duy nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111a ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 OMCH (omch.com) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea1m vi cung c\u1ea5p xuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p.<\/em><\/p>\n\n \n <div class=\"bp-cta-end bd-reveal\">\n <div class=\"bp-cta-end-icon\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"22\" y1=\"2\" x2=\"11\" y2=\"13\"\/><polygon points=\"22 2 15 22 11 13 2 9 22 2\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cta-end-title\">Nh\u1eadn b\u00e1o gi\u00e1 cho nhi\u1ec1u danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/div>\n <div class=\"bp-cta-end-subtitle\">M\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (BOM), m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng \u2014 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, r\u01a1le v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c.<\/div>\n <a class=\"bp-cta-end-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/contact\/\" target=\"_self\">G\u1eedi danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (BOM) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb<\/a>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"bd-references\">\n <div class=\"bd-references-title\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/div>\n <ol>\n <li>\u1ee6y ban K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u201cIEC 60617 \u2014 C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/std.iec.ch\/iec60617\">https:\/\/std.iec.ch\/iec60617<\/a><\/li>\n <li>IEEE. \u201cIEEE 315-1975 \/ ANSI Y32.2 \u2014 C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/standard\/315-1975.html\">https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/standard\/315-1975.html<\/a><\/li>\n <li>IEC. \u201cIEC 60529 \u2014 C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 do v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p (M\u00e3 IP).\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/2453\">https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/2453<\/a><\/li>\n <li>IEEE. \u201cIEEE 200-1975 \u2014 C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4483758\">https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4483758<\/a><\/li>\n <li>RS Components. \u201cH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.\u201d Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/uk.rs-online.com\/web\/content\/discovery\/ideas-and-advice\/electrical-symbols-guide\">https:\/\/uk.rs-online.com\/web\/content\/discovery\/ideas-and-advice\/electrical-symbols-guide<\/a><\/li>\n <li>OMCH. Trang web ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/\">https:\/\/www.omch.com\/<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ol>\n <\/div>\n <\/article>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body><\/html>\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n: T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n cung \u1ee9ng linh ki\u1ec7n. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? H\u00e3y m\u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u2014 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh 3D. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12122,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Electrical Component Symbols Explained: From Schematic Reading to Component Sourcing","_seopress_titles_desc":"Learn how to read electrical component symbols from IEC and ANSI schematics, decode technical specifications, and source the right parts with confidence.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mmlblog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12119"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12123,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12119\/revisions\/12123"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12122"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}